Alcohols Industrial Preparation

The important methods for the preparation of alcohol on large-scale are given below:
    
1. By hydration of Alkenes

Alkenes are obtained by cracking of petroleum. They are easily converted to alcohols by the addition of water in presence of sulphuric acid.

In case of unsymmetrical alkenes, the addition takes place according to Markowniko’s rule.

    
2. By fermentation of carbohydrates

Formation of ethyl alcohol by the fermentation of sugar (obtained from molasses, grapes or beet) is one of the oldest methods. Sucrose is first converted to glucose and fructose with an enzyme invertase.

Enzyme zymase then converts glucose and fructose to ethanol.

The enzyme zymase is present in yeast.



The fermentation process is carried out under anaerobic conditions i.e. in the absence of air. Carbon dioxide released during fermentation keeps the fermentation mixture out of contact of air. If the fermentation mixture gets exposed to air, the oxygen of air oxidizes ethanol to ethanoic acid which makes the mixture sour.

Ethanol is obtained from starchy materials such as barley, rice, maize and potatoes with enzymes diastase and maltase.



Enzyme diastase is obtained from germinated barley while enzyme maltase and zymase are obtained from yeast.
    
3. Oxo process

Alkenes react with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of Octacarbonyl dicobalt Co[CO

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